Struct drone_core::ffi::CStr

pub struct CStr { /* fields omitted */ }

Representation of a borrowed C string.

This type represents a borrowed reference to a nul-terminated array of bytes. It can be constructed safely from a &u8 slice, or unsafely from a raw *const c_char. It can then be converted to a Rust &[str] by performing UTF-8 validation, or into an owned CString.

&CStr is to CString as &[str] is to String: the former in each pair are borrowed references; the latter are owned strings.

Note that this structure is not repr(C) and is not recommended to be placed in the signatures of FFI functions. Instead, safe wrappers of FFI functions may leverage the unsafe CStr::from_ptr constructor to provide a safe interface to other consumers.

Examples

Inspecting a foreign C string:

use drone_core::ffi::{c_char, CStr};

extern "C" fn my_string() -> *const c_char {
    "example".as_ptr()
}

unsafe {
    let slice = CStr::from_ptr(my_string());
    println!("string buffer size without nul terminator: {}", slice.to_bytes().len(),);
}

Passing a Rust-originating C string:

use drone_core::ffi::{c_char, CStr, CString};

fn work(data: &CStr) {
    extern "C" fn work_with(_data: *const c_char) {}

    unsafe { work_with(data.as_ptr()) }
}

let s = CString::new("data data data data").expect("CString::new failed");
work(&s);

Converting a foreign C string into a Rust String:

use drone_core::ffi::{c_char, CStr};

extern "C" fn my_string() -> *const c_char {
    "example".as_ptr()
}

fn my_string_safe() -> String {
    unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(my_string()).to_string_lossy().into_owned() }
}

println!("string: {}", my_string_safe());

Implementations

impl CStr

pub unsafe fn from_ptr<'a>(ptr: *const c_char) -> &'a Self

Wraps a raw C string with a safe C string wrapper.

This function will wrap the provided ptr with a CStr wrapper, which allows inspection and interoperation of non-owned C strings. This method is unsafe for a number of reasons:

• There is no guarantee to the validity of ptr.
• The returned lifetime is not guaranteed to be the actual lifetime of ptr.
• There is no guarantee that the memory pointed to by ptr contains a valid nul terminator byte at the end of the string.
• It is not guaranteed that the memory pointed by ptr won't change before the CStr has been destroyed.

Note: This operation is intended to be a 0-cost cast but it is currently implemented with an up-front calculation of the length of the string. This is not guaranteed to always be the case.

Examples

use drone_core::ffi::{c_char, CStr};

extern "C" fn my_string() -> *const c_char {
    "example\0".as_ptr()
}

unsafe {
    let slice = CStr::from_ptr(my_string());
    println!("string returned: {}", slice.to_str().unwrap());
}

pub fn from_bytes_with_nul(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<&Self, FromBytesWithNulError>

Creates a C string wrapper from a byte slice.

This function will cast the provided bytes to a CStr wrapper after ensuring that the byte slice is nul-terminated and does not contain any interior nul bytes.

Examples

use drone_core::ffi::CStr;

let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"hello\0");
assert!(cstr.is_ok());

Creating a CStr without a trailing nul terminator is an error:

use drone_core::ffi::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"hello");
assert!(c_str.is_err());

Creating a CStr with an interior nul byte is an error:

use drone_core::ffi::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"he\0llo\0");
assert!(c_str.is_err());

pub const unsafe fn from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes: &[u8]) -> &Self

Unsafely creates a C string wrapper from a byte slice.

This function will cast the provided bytes to a CStr wrapper without performing any sanity checks. The provided slice must be nul-terminated and not contain any interior nul bytes.

Examples

use drone_core::ffi::{CStr, CString};

unsafe {
    let cstring = CString::new("hello").expect("CString::new failed");
    let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(cstring.to_bytes_with_nul());
    assert_eq!(cstr, &*cstring);
}

pub const fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const c_char

Returns the inner pointer to this C string.

The returned pointer will be valid for as long as self is, and points to a contiguous region of memory terminated with a 0 byte to represent the end of the string.

WARNING

The returned pointer is read-only; writing to it (including passing it to C code that writes to it) causes undefined behavior.

It is your responsibility to make sure that the underlying memory is not freed too early. For example, the following code will cause undefined behavior when ptr is used inside the unsafe block:

use drone_core::ffi::CString;

let ptr = CString::new("Hello").expect("CString::new failed").as_ptr();
unsafe {
    // `ptr` is dangling
    *ptr;
}

This happens because the pointer returned by as_ptr does not carry any lifetime information and the CString is deallocated immediately after the CString::new("Hello").expect("CString::new failed").as_ptr() expression is evaluated. To fix the problem, bind the CString to a local variable:

use drone_core::ffi::CString;

let hello = CString::new("Hello").expect("CString::new failed");
let ptr = hello.as_ptr();
unsafe {
    // `ptr` is valid because `hello` is in scope
    *ptr;
}

This way, the lifetime of the CString in hello encompasses the lifetime of ptr and the unsafe block.

pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> &[u8]

Converts this C string to a byte slice.

The returned slice will not contain the trailing nul terminator that this C string has.

Note: This method is currently implemented as a constant-time cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation whenever this method is called.

Examples

use drone_core::ffi::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed");
assert_eq!(c_str.to_bytes(), b"foo");

pub fn to_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8]

Converts this C string to a byte slice containing the trailing 0 byte.

This function is the equivalent of CStr::to_bytes except that it will retain the trailing nul terminator instead of chopping it off.

Note: This method is currently implemented as a 0-cost cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation whenever this method is called.

Examples

use drone_core::ffi::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed");
assert_eq!(c_str.to_bytes_with_nul(), b"foo\0");

pub fn to_str(&self) -> Result<&str, Utf8Error>

Yields a &[str] slice if the CStr contains valid UTF-8.

If the contents of the CStr are valid UTF-8 data, this function will return the corresponding &[str] slice. Otherwise, it will return an error with details of where UTF-8 validation failed.

Note: This method is currently implemented to check for validity after a constant-time cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation in addition to the UTF-8 check whenever this method is called.

Examples

use drone_core::ffi::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed");
assert_eq!(c_str.to_str(), Ok("foo"));

pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str>

Converts a CStr into a Cow<[str]>.

If the contents of the CStr are valid UTF-8 data, this function will return a Cow::Borrowed(&[str]) with the corresponding &[str] slice. Otherwise, it will replace any invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER and return a Cow::Owned(String) with the result.

Note: This method is currently implemented to check for validity after a constant-time cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation in addition to the UTF-8 check whenever this method is called.

Examples

Calling to_string_lossy on a CStr containing valid UTF-8:

use alloc::borrow::Cow;
use drone_core::ffi::CStr;

let c_str =
    CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"Hello World\0").expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed");
assert_eq!(c_str.to_string_lossy(), Cow::Borrowed("Hello World"));

Calling to_string_lossy on a CStr containing invalid UTF-8:

use alloc::borrow::Cow;
use drone_core::ffi::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"Hello \xF0\x90\x80World\0")
    .expect("CStr::from_bytes_with_nul failed");
assert_eq!(c_str.to_string_lossy(), Cow::Owned(String::from("Hello �World")) as Cow<'_, str>);

pub fn into_c_string(self: Box<Self>) -> CString

Converts a Box<CStr> into a CString without copying or allocating.

Examples

use drone_core::ffi::CString;

let c_string = CString::new(b"foo".to_vec()).expect("CString::new failed");
let boxed = c_string.into_boxed_c_str();
assert_eq!(boxed.into_c_string(), CString::new("foo").expect("CString::new failed"));

Trait Implementations

impl AsRef<CStr> for CStr

pub fn as_ref(&self) -> &Self

Performs the conversion.

impl AsRef<CStr> for CString

pub fn as_ref(&self) -> &CStr

Performs the conversion.

impl Borrow<CStr> for CString

pub fn borrow(&self) -> &CStr

Immutably borrows from an owned value.

impl Debug for CStr

pub fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<'_> Default for &'_ CStr

pub fn default() -> Self

Returns the "default value" for a type.

impl Eq for CStr

impl<'_> From<&'_ CStr> for Box<CStr>

pub fn from(s: &CStr) -> Self

Performs the conversion.

impl<'_> From<&'_ CStr> for Arc<CStr>

pub fn from(s: &CStr) -> Self

Performs the conversion.

impl<'_> From<&'_ CStr> for Rc<CStr>

pub fn from(s: &CStr) -> Self

Performs the conversion.

impl<'_> From<&'_ CStr> for CString

pub fn from(s: &CStr) -> Self

Performs the conversion.

impl<'a> From<&'a CStr> for Cow<'a, CStr>

pub fn from(s: &'a CStr) -> Self

Performs the conversion.

impl Hash for CStr

pub fn hash<__H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut __H)

Feeds this value into the given Hasher.

pub fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H) where
    H: Hasher, 

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher.

impl Ord for CStr

pub fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering

This method returns an Ordering between self and other.

#[must_use]pub fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

#[must_use]pub fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

#[must_use]pub fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl PartialEq<CStr> for CStr

pub fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

#[must_use]pub fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests for !=.

impl PartialOrd<CStr> for CStr

pub fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

#[must_use]pub fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

#[must_use]pub fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

#[must_use]pub fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

#[must_use]pub fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

impl ToOwned for CStr

type Owned = CString

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.

pub fn to_owned(&self) -> CString

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning.

pub fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut Self::Owned)

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (toowned_clone_into)

recently added

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning.